Fabrication of a scintillator material of elpasolite type

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a process for fabricating a crystalline scintillator material with a structure of elpasolite type of theoretical composition A 2 BC (1-y) M y X (6-y)  wherein:
         A is chosen from among Cs, Rb, K, Na,   B is chosen from among Li, K, Na,   C is chosen from among the rare earths, Al, Ga,   M is chosen from among the alkaline earths,   X is chosen from among F, Cl, Br, I,
 
y representing the atomic fraction of substitution of C by M and being in the range extending from 0 to 0.05, comprising its crystallization by cooling from a melt bath comprising r moles of A and s moles of B, the melt bath in contact with the material containing A and B in such a way that 2s/r is above 1. The process shows an improved fabrication yield. Moreover, the crystals obtained can have compositions closer to stoichiometry and have improved scintillation properties.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to Ser. No. 15/960,061 entitled “Fabrication of a Scintillator Material of Elpasolite Type” by Vladimir Ouspenski et al., filed Apr. 23, 2018, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to Ser. No. 15/418,396 entitled “Fabrication of a Scintillator Material of Elpasolite Type” by Vladimir Ouspenski et al., filed Jan. 27, 2017 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,983,318B2), which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to Ser. No. 14/879,650 entitled “Fabrication of a Scintillator Material of Elpasolite Type” by Vladimir Ouspenski et al., filed Oct. 9, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,599,727B2), which is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to International Application No. PCT/FR2014/050893, entitled “Production of an Elpasolite-Type Scintillator Material” by Vladimir Ouspenski et al., filed Apr. 11, 2014, which claims priority to French Patent Application No. 1353354, entitled “Fabrication D'une Elpasolite Stoechiometrique” by Vladimir Ouspenski et al., filed Apr. 12, 2013, all of which applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure generally relates to a crystalline material including an elpasolite phase and a process for fabricating a crystalline material including an elpasolite phase. Particularly, this disclosure relates to a monocrystalline material including a rare earth or metal halide elpasolite phase and a process of forming.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

Scintillator materials are widely used for detecting gamma or X-rays as well as energetic particles such as alpha particles, neutrons etc.

Scintillation relies on the physical principle of the conversion of the energy of photons, incident X or gamma radiation or energetic particles into light in or near the visible spectrum. Notably, inorganic scintillators are preferably monocrystalline or polycrystalline. A single crystal allows easier extraction of light thanks to the absence of internal diffusion across grain boundaries, heterogeneities and other defects present in polycrystalline materials. A state of good crystallinity is necessary, as it determines the most effective scintillation mechanisms. The extracted light is then collected by a device well known to those skilled in the art as a photomultiplier tube, a photodiode, a SiPM (silicon photomultiplier), an APD (avalanche photodiode) etc. A polycrystalline scintillator can be produced from powders that are compacted, sintered or coated with a binding agent so as to allow extraction of light. Often, these non-monocrystalline materials are too opaque beyond a certain thickness, a thickness that is moreover insufficient to stop enough incident energetic particles or photons. Generally, a monocrystalline scintillator material is preferred. The detection of gamma photons, alpha or beta particles, charged particles or neutrons is of major benefit in many applications in nuclear medicine, fundamental physics, for baggage security scanners (detection portals), the continuous monitoring of containers and trucks at borders, geophysical diagnostic systems in mines and for oil drilling, etc. In these applications, it is moreover often desirable to be able to tell neutrons apart from gamma radiation and a scintillation detector should in this case be able to produce signals of different luminescence characteristics depending on the type of radiation.

The conventional procedure of those skilled in the art seeking to fabricate an elpasolite single crystal is to carry out a crystallization based on a melt bath, the composition of which corresponds to the stoichiometry of the crystal in question. Whatever the process of crystalline growth used, for a large number of complex compositions (three-component or even more complex) the phenomenon of incongruent fusion exists. The crystallization of a main phase of elpasolite is accompanied or preceded by the precipitation of a secondary phase that can appear in the form of inclusions or of a single-phase region of an undesirable phase. It has now been noticed that the crystalline material obtained from the melt bath of these complex compositions contains a high proportion of inclusions, or is even solely composed of the secondary unwanted phase. The crystalline material obtained, of the single-crystal or polycrystal type, can also be called the ingot. In the case of a single crystal made from incongruent fusion, the secondary phase is generally located at the ends or around the perimeter of the monocrystalline material. This secondary phase forms non-transparent regions disturbing the monocrystalline nature of the main phase. In certain favorable cases, it is nonetheless possible to recover part of the monocrystalline material while subsequently eliminating these unusable regions by cutting out and preserving the transparent monocrystalline part that is free of inclusions. These inclusions correspond to unwanted phases of a different composition to that sought. According to this disclosure, a means has been discovered for reducing the proportion of these impure regions, or even in certain cases of eliminating them, and providing better fabrication yields in doing so.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited by the accompanying figures.

FIGS. 1a to 1c represent ingots taken out of their phial after crystalline growth of Bridgman type.

FIGS. 2a to 2c represent ingots after crystalline growth of Czochralski type.

Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures can be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the invention. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but can include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

The use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and can be found in textbooks and other sources within the scintillation and radiation detection arts.

This disclosure provides means for reducing the proportion of impure regions or a secondary phase included in a crystalline material during its growth. In particular cases, formation of impure regions or a secondary phase can be prevented.

In addition to obtaining better fabrication yields, the present disclosure makes it possible to obtain crystals of the composition closer to the theoretical stoichiometry of elpasolite, or even to enrich it in certain cases, notably with certain elements such as Li. Enriching with Li is advantageous for neutron detection. In most cases, a composition closer to the theoretical stoichiometry translates into a better transmission of light and, in scintillation, by a better energy resolution. Moreover, the present disclosure allows the use of the so-called Czochralski growth process, which has until now been considered by those skilled in the art as being impossible for incongruent fusion crystals and in particular the majority of crystals of the elpasolite family. In Bridgman growth, the process according to this disclosure makes it possible to obtain higher material yields of usable crystal, i.e. it leads to an ingot comprising less unwanted phase for an incongruent fusion elpasolite.

This disclosure relates to a process for fabricating a crystalline scintillator material and the crystalline scintillator material itself. In particular, this disclosure relates to a process for fabricating a crystalline scintillator material with a structure of elpasolite type of theoretical composition: A₂BC_((1-y))M_(y)X_((6-y))  (1)

-   -   wherein     -   A is chosen from among Cs, Rb, K, Na,     -   B is chosen from among Li, K, Na,     -   C is chosen from among the rare earths, Al, Ga,     -   M is chosen from among the alkaline earths, particularly Ca, Mg,         Sr, Ba     -   X is chosen from among F, Cl, Br, I,         y representing the atomic fraction (or molar fraction) of         substitution of C by M (the elements C and M occupy the same         sites of the elpasolite) and being in the range extending from 0         to 0.05 (which means that y can be zero), comprising its         crystallization by cooling from a melt bath comprising r moles         of A and s moles of B, the melt bath in contact with the         material containing A and B in such a way that 2s/r is above 1.

The above remark does not mean that the crystalline scintillator material actually obtained by the process according to the invention has the theoretical stoichiometric composition. It means that it leads to a crystal, the formula of which would be the formula (1) if its composition was actually theoretical (i.e. stoichiometric).

The formulae of materials actually produced can be determined from elementary analyses (ICP—inductively coupled plasma—or XRF—X-ray fluorescence) of each element (except Li in the case of XRF) and with the convention that the sum of the cations is 4 in the formula of the elpasolite.

The fact that the ratio 2s/r is above 1 is representative of an “excess of B” in the melt bath in the context of the present disclosure. It is in this sense that the expression “excess of B” can be used in the context of the present application. Indeed, the stoichiometric theoretical elpasolite is such that the ratio of the double of the number of moles of B to the number of moles of A is equal to 1. It has now been found that this ratio in the crystal actually produced was in reality below 1, working with a 2s/r of 1, and that it is by increasing the 2s/r ratio related to the melt bath that it is possible to approach and even to reach, or even exceed, the stoichiometric atomic (or molar) ratio of B to A in the elpasolite actually produced.

Preferably, 2s/r is above 1.05 and more preferably still above 1.25 and even above 1.5. In particular, 2s/r can be above 1.15. More particularly, 2s/r can be above 1.35. In the case of an excessively large excess of B (excessively high 2s/r ratio), an unwanted phase can form, also giving rise to harmful inclusions. Preferably, the molar excess of B in the bath (and therefore the 2s/r ratio) is insufficient to generate the formation of a phase of B₃C_((1-y))M_(y)X₆ at the start of crystallization, and at the very least it is low enough to generate said formation as little as possible. Thus, 2s/r is preferably below 10 and more preferably still below 5. In particular, 2s/r can be below 3.

The 2s/r ratio is calculated from the molar quantities of A and B introduced into the bath. The elements A and B are introduced to it in halogenated form. For the case in which the bath contains K or Na, given that these elements can go to A-type sites or to B-type sites, it is advisable to determine the proportion of these elements going to the A sites and the B sites by experiment, in order to then be able to calculate the 2s/r ratio. To determine the proportion of Na and K found on one or the other site, a structural study can be carried out using X-ray diffraction. To do this, a sealed sample holder is used, preventing the powder from hydrating in contact with the ambient air and therefore becoming damaged. Indeed, these materials are very strongly hygroscopic. According to this disclosure, the excess of Na or K as B-type element is therefore determined a posteriori from the exact formula of the elpasolite finally produced by determining the relative percentage of Na or K on the A-type site or the B-type site. In general, the Na will predominantly go to the B-type site. By way of example, if a crystallization has been conducted from a bath containing 1.7 moles of CsCl, 1.5 moles of LiCl, 0.5 moles of NaCl and 2 moles of YCl₃, and that the Na contained in the elpasolite actually crystallized is at 80% on the B-type sites and at 20% on the A sites, then the 0.5 moles of Na can be virtually broken down in the bath into 0.1 moles of NaCl of ACI type and 0.4 moles of NaCl of BCI type. The bath therefore contains 1.8 moles of ACI (1.7 moles of CsCl+0.1 moles of NaCl), 1.9 moles of BCI (1.5 moles of LiCl+0.4 moles of NaCl) and 2 moles of Ycl₃. The 2s/r ratio is therefore of 2.1.

The components carrying A, B, C and M are present in the melt bath in the form of halide, the halogen of which corresponds to the X of the formula (1). Several different X halogens can be present in the melt bath if the final crystal must contain different X halogens. If t represents the number of moles of C in the melt bath, and if u represents the number of moles of M in the melt bath, then preferably, the ratio 2(t+u)/r is in the range extending from 0.8 to 1.2. Preferably, u/(t+u) is below 0.1. In particular, u can be zero.

The crystalline elpasolite obtained by the process according to this disclosure can have a real formula that is very close to theoretical stoichiometry. This real formula can be represented by the formula: A_(a)B_(b)C_(c)M_(m)X_(x)  (2) in which A,B,C,M and X have the significance given previously, and a,b,c,m and x represent the respective atomic fractions of the A,B,C,M and X atoms. The atomic ratio 2b/a is in the range extending from 0.97 to 1.4 (the limits are therefore included in the range), this 2b/a ratio being generally below 1.2.

The crystal according to this disclosure is in the majority of cases of face-centered cubic elpasolite crystalline structure of space group “Fm3m”. With the convention that the sum of the atomic fractions of the cations (i.e. a+b+c+m) is equal to 4, generally, a is in the range extending from 1.7 to 2.3, b is in the range extending from 0.8 to 1.2, c is in the range extending from 0.85 to 1.1, m is in the range extending from 0 to 0.05 and x is in the range extending from 5.05 to 6.9.

In the process according to this disclosure, the excess of B is preferably enough for the ratio of the double of the atomic fraction of the B-type element to the atomic fraction of the A-type element (therefore the 2b/a ratio in formula (2)) in the elpasolite actually produced to be of at least 0.97.

In the formulae (1) and (2), A can be a mixture of several elements chosen from among Cs, Rb, K and Na. Similarly, B can be a mixture of several elements chosen from among Li, K or Na. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where B comprises Li. More particularly, B is simply Li. Similarly, C can be a mixture of several elements chosen from among the rare earths (which includes Sc and Y), Al and Ga. Similarly, M can be a mixture of several elements chosen from among the alkaline earths, particularly a mixture of several elements chosen from among Ca, Mg, Sr or Ba. Equally, X can be a mixture of several elements chosen from among F, Cl, Br and I. In particular, X comprises Cl, Br and I.

In particular cases, A comprises Cs, B comprises Li and X comprises Cl or Br. In a more particular case, A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, C comprises La and X comprises Br. In another more particular case, A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, C comprises Y and X comprises Cl.

The rare earth is an element of the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Sc or Y (these last two elements are similar to rare earths). In particular cases, C comprises a rare earth chosen from among the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Y. The elpasolite is doped by an activating element conferring or improving its scintillation behavior. The activating element is at least a rare earth chosen from among Ce, Pr, Eu, Tb and Nd. It can be a mixture of activators, notably Ce and Pr. The activating element is part of the elements of C type. In general, the activator C″ is present with a lower atomic fraction c″ in the elpasolite than another element C′ also of C type, notably Y, said element C′ being present with the atomic fraction c′. If C represents a mixture of two elements C′ and C″ (notably Y and Ce respectively), then the atomic fraction c of the C-type element is such that c=c′+c″. The atomic fraction c″ of the activating element C″ is such that c″/(c+m) is above 0.00001 and below or equal to 0.1, c representing the atomic fraction of element C (which includes all the C-type elements, therefore the element C′) and m being the atomic fraction of element M. The elements C and M occupy the same sites in the crystal lattice of the elpasolite. The elpasolite can also contain a mixture of activators, notably Ce and Pr. In this case, the elpasolite contains three C-type elements (all on C-type sites), C′, C″ and C′″ (for example specifically Y, Ce and Pr respectively), the latter element being present with the atomic fraction c′″. In this case, (c″+c′″)/(c+m) is above 0.00001 and below or equal to 0.1. The presence of M in the elpasolite, notably Sr, modifies the viscosity, the melting temperature of the mixture to be melted, the infra-red emissivity of the melt bath and the surface tension of the melt bath. The presence of M in the crystal, particularly Sr, can modify its scintillation properties such as its light output and its energy resolution.

This disclosure more particularly relates to scintillator materials of formulae (1) and (2) above for which B comprises Li, X comprises Cl, Br or I, and C comprises a rare earth chosen from among the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Y, the scintillator material being doped with an element that will activate its scintillation. The materials of formulae (1) and (2) above can notably be such that B is Li, X is chosen from among Cl, Br or I, and C is chosen from among the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Y, the scintillator material being doped with an element that will activate its scintillation. Notably, the material according to the present disclosure may not comprise fluoride. Scintillator materials produced according to the present disclosure can have a high light output, particularly measured with a gamma excitation of 662 keV. Notably, the light output can be above 15000 photons/MeV. A material rich in LaBr₃, such as CLLB, can have a light output above 25000 photons/MeV.

Scintillator materials produced according to this disclosure can have an excellent energy resolution (small full width at half-maximum of the scintillation peak). Scintillation measurements can be performed with a source of gamma rays of ¹³⁷Cs type, a photomultiplier, and a standard measurement subsystem. Scintillator materials produced according to the present disclosure can have an energy resolution below 6%, or even below 5%, values measured with a source of ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) B comprises Li. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) A comprises Cs, and B comprises Li. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) A comprises Cs, B comprises Li and C comprises La. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, C comprises La and X comprises Br, and particularly when X is at over 80% in moles Br (80% in moles of X is Br).

This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) A comprises Cs, B comprises Li and C comprises Y. This disclosure more particularly relates to cases where in the formulae (1) and (2) A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, C comprises Y and X comprises Cl, particularly when X is at over 80% in moles Cl (80% in moles of X is Cl).

The elpasolite can notably be of theoretical composition:

-   -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiYCl₆ and particularly Cs₂LiYCl₆:Ce, a         component usually called “CLYC” by those skilled in the art;     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiLaBr₆, and particularly Cs₂LiLaBr₆:Ce, a         component usually called “CLLB” by those skilled in the art;     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiLaBr_(6(1-z))Cl_(6z) with z ranging from 0         to 1, and particularly Cs₂LiLaBr_(6(1-z))Cl_(6z):Ce;     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiLaCl₆ and particularly Cs₂LiLaCl₆:Ce a         component usually called “CLLC” by those skilled in the art;     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiYBr₆ and particularly Cs₂LiYBr₆:Ce a         component usually called “CLYB” by those skilled in the art;     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiYF₆ and particularly Cs₂LiYF₆:Ce, a         component usually called “CLYF” by those skilled in the art;     -   doped or undoped Cs_(2(1-z))Rb_(2z)LiTRX₆ and particularly         Cs_(2(1-z))Rb_(2z)LiTRX₆:Ce with z ranging from 0 to 1, TR         representing a rare earth;     -   doped or undoped Rb₂LiYX₆ and particularly Rb₂LiYX₆:Ce;     -   Cs_(2(1-z))Rb_(2z)LiTRI₆ with z ranging from 0 to 1, doped or         undoped and particularly Cs_(2(1-z))Rb_(2z)LiTRI₆:Ce, TR         representing a rare earth,     -   doped or undoped Cs₂LiY_((1-x))La_(x)Cl₆ and particularly         Cs₂LiY_((1-x))La_(x)Cl₆:Ce.

Thus, the scintillator material of structure of the elpasolite type of theoretical composition A₂BC_((1-y))M_(y)X_((6-y)) and of real formula A_(a)B_(b)C_(c)M_(m)X_(x) that can be fabricated by the process according to this disclosure can correspond to one of the cases below:

-   -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is Cl;     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is Br;     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is F;     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is Cl;     -   A is a mixture of Cs and Rb, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and         Ce, and X is Br;     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is a         mixture of Cl and Br;     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is a mixture         of Cl and Br.     -   A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La, Y and Ce, and X is Cl;     -   A is a mixture of Cs and Na, B is a mixture of Li and Na, C is a         mixture of Y and Ce, and X is Cl.

According to this disclosure, a substantial decrease or even the suppression of the formation of unwanted phases is obtained by producing the crystallization from a melt bath of composition offset with respect to the composition of the desired final crystal in the measure that it contains a molar excess of B with respect to the theoretical stoichiometry of the crystal. Moreover, the ratio of atomic fractions 2b/a (of formula (2)) is closer to the theoretical stoichiometric ratio of 1, or even greater than 1.

The growth is initiated from a melt bath, the composition of which does not correspond exactly to the stoichiometric composition of the elpasolite, nor to the desired final composition of the elpasolite. Generally, the process according to this disclosure is of the “auto-flux” type, i.e. the melt bath contains no chemical element not found at all in the crystal. If the liquid around or arriving around the crystal is not of homogenous composition, what counts is that the excess of B (i.e. 2s/r>1) exists for the part of the liquid in direct contact with the crystal. Indeed, the growth technique called “multi-crucible” according to which at least two crucibles are found nested one inside the other can be used to perform the process according to this disclosure, as soon as the liquid composition in the innermost crucible and in contact with the crystalline material satisfies the condition of the excess of B according to the invention.

The process according to this disclosure generally takes place in a crucible or a closed or even sealed phial. The crucible can particularly be made of graphite with a pyrolytic coating, or of vitreous carbon. The closed or even sealed phial is generally made of quartz or vitreous carbon or platinum.

According to this disclosure, the next step is to place the halogenated raw materials into a container (crucible, phial, etc.) in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, then to heat it until the raw materials melt, then the crystalline growth is carried out according to the chosen technique (Bridgman, Czochralski, etc.) and the container is cooled down to ambient temperature.

This disclosure can be conducted to result in a single crystal by using one of the techniques known to those skilled in the art such as those of Czochralski or Bridgman or Bagdasarov (horizontal Bridgman technique) or Kyropoulos or else the “Vertical Gradient Freeze” technique (crystallization by control of the thermal gradient) or else so-called EFG (Edge Feeding Growth) or the “continuous feeding” technique which covers the use of multi-crucibles, in particular the growth of crystals in a double crucible, one of the crucibles nesting in the other.

The elpasolite single crystal can have a volume above 10 cm³ and even above 100 cm³. Even if the ingot of monocrystalline growth contains inclusions, the monocrystalline part free of inclusions can have a volume above 10 cm³ and even above 100 cm³.

Notably, the process according to this disclosure can lead to an ingot whose first two-thirds in volume of growth of monocrystalline material comprise less than 10% in volume of any phase different to that of the elpasolite, which is noteworthy. In particular, in the case of a Czochralski monocrystalline growth process, the first two-thirds in volume of growth of monocrystalline material cannot contain any phase different to that of the elpasolite, which is also noteworthy.

It is also possible to prepare a polycrystal using the process according to this disclosure. To do this, it suffices to bring the mixture of raw materials to melting point and to cool the melted mass obtained without any particular precaution. Subsequently, it is possible to obtain the desired sizes of granulate by crushing or milling. It is also possible to obtain a crystalline powder by milling.

The raw materials used to produce the melt bath contain the elements entering into the composition of the elpasolite. This can for example involve a mixture of a halide of A, a halide of B, a halide of C and a halide of M. It then suffices to load an excess of B halide with respect to the intended stoichiometric composition for the final crystal. For the mixture of raw materials, this can also involve a mixture of several halides of which at least one comprises at least two of the elements A, B, C and M. Here again, it suffices to load an excess of the halide containing the element B, with respect to the intended stoichiometric composition.

Examples of components that can be used to form an excess of Li according to this disclosure are LiCl, Li₃Ycl₆, Cs₃Li₂Cl₅, Cs₂Li₃Cl₅, and Li₃LaBr₆.

The process according to this disclosure translates into a crystalline growth as a consequence of a controlled cooling of a bath of a melted composition. This melted composition is obtained by melting one component or a mixture of components as raw material (this component or mixture of components being called precursor) resulting in the desired composition of the desired elements in the liquid bath. It is possible to use a single component of a composition corresponding exactly to that of the desired melt bath. It is also possible to use as raw material a mixture of halides of various elements entering into the desired composition. Thus, if one desires to fabricate a CLYC, it is possible to mix a chloride of Cs, a chloride of Li, a chloride of Y and, where applicable, a chloride of Ce (in the case of a Ce doping).

The excess of B according to this disclosure does not completely go into the final crystalline material, and what does not go into it can be recovered as by-product after the solidification and notably re-used in the context of the process according to the invention. If the Czochralski process of monocrystalline growth is used, the remaining excess is found in the liquid phase remaining in the crucible. If the Bridgman process of monocrystalline growth is used, the remaining excess is found in a region comprising inclusions, said region forming mainly at the end of the process and being in any case of smaller proportion than in the absence of excess.

The excess of B according to this disclosure can make it possible to bring the composition of the final crystalline material closer to the perfect stoichiometric composition A₂BC_((1-y))M_(y)X_((6-y)). When a crystallization is produced from a bath of a composition corresponding exactly to that of the intended elpasolite crystal, the stoichiometric deficit is of the order of 2 to 3% in moles of B. To combat this deficit, this disclosure proposes to use an excess of B preferably of at least 5% in moles (2s/r>1.05).

For a given elpasolite, there exists a minimum value of 2s/r at the level of the melt bath for which the first two-thirds in volume of ingot growth are entirely (100%) composed of said elpasolite. If t is the number of moles of C in the bath, then, the introduction into the bath of raw materials such that the 2t/r ratio above 1 and even above 1.08 and even above 1.1, or even of at least 1.2, makes it possible to reduce the minimum value of 2s/r for which the first two-thirds in volume of growth are entirely (100% in volume) composed of said elpasolite. For one and the same volume of usable elpasolite in the first two-thirds of the fabricated ingot, the increase in the 2t/r ratio makes it possible to reduce the 2s/r ratio. The increase in the 2t/r ratio can be produced by introducing into the melt bath components, particularly of the type B₃CX₆ (B, C and X having the significance given previously) such as Li₃LaBr₆ or Li₃Ycl₆. This excess of C could also be produced by a larger quantity of CX₃. However, the use of components of B₃CX₆ type makes it possible to produce an excess both of B and C. This effect of the high 2t/r ratio on the ingot quality is particularly notable in the case of elpasolites for which C is at over 80% in moles Lanthane and X is at over 80% in moles Bromine (elpasolith “rich in LaBr₃”). If the 2t/r is higher, the perfect crystal yield is improved, particularly beyond the first two-thirds in volume of growth. In the case of a Bridgman growth, the quantity of unfit material is decreased at the end of growth (shaded part of FIG. 1c particularly). In the case of a Czochralski growth, less material is left in the bath when the growth is ended. Increasing 2t/r even makes it possible to reduce 2s/r, for example to less than 1.65.

For the case of an elpasolite for which C comprises La, particularly if C is at over 80% in moles Lanthane and for which X comprises Br, particularly if X is at over 80% in moles Bromine, particularly in the case of an elpasolite of CLLB type, then the fact of having both 2t/r above 1 and even above 1.08 and even above 1.1, or even at least 1.2, concomitantly with the fact of having 2s/r above 1.05, or even at least 1.1 makes it possible to obtain a 2b/a of at least 1.1, or even of at least 1.15 or even of at least 1.2, up to 1.4 particularly.

Rare earth halide elpasolites are generally hygroscopic and handled in a suitable atmosphere, i.e. dry and neutral or reductive (hydrogenated nitrogen, argon, nitrogen, hydrogenated argon) or in a vacuum. This also applies to the measurement techniques used, which are to be performed in a suitable atmosphere, especially diffraction measurements. Diffraction measurements made in an unsuitable atmosphere (particularly ambient air) can falsify the measurements. The Bridgman process, which can make a crystallization occur in a vacuum-sealed phial (generally made of quartz or of vitreous carbon), is advantageous from this point of view, because the crystallization is easily achieved in a suitable atmosphere.

The temperature to which the melt bath is brought before crystallization depends on the formulation of the bath. In general, the bath is brought to between 400 and 1100° C. according to composition, before crystallization. In the context of a monocrystalline growth process, the cooling speeds are generally between 0.01° C./hour and 5° C./hour. In the Bridgman process, the translation speed of the crystal generally lies between 0.01 mm/h and 20 mm/h. If a polycrystal of the elpasolite phase is sought, the cooling speeds can be much faster, notably lying between 5 and 200° C./h.

FIG. 1 represents ingots taken out of their phial after crystalline growth of Bridgman type. Case a) corresponds to what is obtained in the prior art, i.e. a high volumetric level of unusable ingot because the ingot comprises many inclusions (shaded parts), notably at the start of the growth, which corresponds to the lower part of the ingot. This narrow part of the ingot is taken into account when expressing the result and therefore counts as volume of growth according to the invention. Case c) corresponds to the case according to the invention with a high level of usable single crystal. The shaded part at the top corresponds to an undesired phase. The case b) corresponds to an intermediate situation with an excess of B below that used in c), which has led to a higher level of inclusions.

FIG. 2 represents ingots after crystalline growth of Czochralski type. The narrow part in the upper region corresponds to the monocrystalline seed used to initiate the growth. This part is not taken into account when expressing the result. In a), the ingot is totally unusable because it is entirely polluted by inclusions and corresponds to the prior art, i.e. an absence of excess of B. In c), the ingot is perfect, devoid of inclusions. An excess of B according to the invention has been used. The case b) corresponds to an intermediate case between cases a) and c), with an excess of B below that used in c).

Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described below. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below.

Embodiment 1

A process for fabricating a crystalline scintillator material with a structure of elpasolite type of theoretical composition A₂BC_((1-y))M_(y)X_((6-y)) wherein:

-   -   A is chosen from among Cs, Rb, K, Na,     -   B is chosen from among Li, K, Na,     -   C is chosen from among the rare earths, Al, Ga,     -   M is chosen from among the alkaline earths,     -   X is chosen from among F, Cl, Br, I,

y representing the atomic fraction of substitution of C by M and being in the range extending from 0 to 0.05, comprising its crystallization by cooling from a melt bath comprising r moles of A and s moles of B, characterized in that the crystalline scintillator material is doped with an element activating its scintillation and in that the melt bath in contact with the material contains A and B in such a way that 2s/r is above 1.

Embodiment 2

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that 2s/r is above 1.05.

Embodiment 3

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that 2s/r is above 1.15 and preferably above 1.25.

Embodiment 4

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that 2s/r is above 1.35 and preferably above 1.5.

Embodiment 5

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that 2s/r is below 10 and preferably below 5 and preferably below 3.

Embodiment 6

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that 2s/r is enough for the ratio of the double of the atomic fraction of B-type element to the atomic fraction of the A-type element in the crystalline material to be of at least 0.97.

Embodiment 7

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that M is chosen from among Ca, Mg, Sr or Ba.

Embodiment 8

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that C comprises at least one activating rare earth chosen from among Ce, Pr, Eu, Tb and Nd, the atomic fraction of which is such that the ratio of its atomic fraction to the sum of the atomic fractions of elements C and M in the crystalline material is above 0.00001 and below or equal to 0.1.

Embodiment 9

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that 2s/r is not enough to generate the formation of a phase of B₃C_((1-y))M_(y)X₆ at the start of the crystallization.

Embodiment 10

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that B comprises Li.

Embodiment 11

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that B is Li.

Embodiment 12

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that X comprises Cl, Br or I.

Embodiment 13

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that the rare earth comprises an element of the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Y.

Embodiment 14

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that A comprises Cs and B comprises Li.

Embodiment 15

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C comprises La and X comprises Br.

Embodiment 16

The process in one of the two preceding embodiments, characterized in that C is at over 80% in moles lanthanum and X is at over 80% in moles bromine.

Embodiment 17

The process in embodiment 14, characterized in that C comprises Y and X comprises Cl.

Embodiment 18

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C is at over 80% in moles Y and in that X is at over 80% in moles Cl.

Embodiment 19

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that 2t/r is above 1, and even above 1.1 and even of at least 1.2, t representing the number of moles of C in the bath.

Embodiment 20

The process in one of embodiments 1 to 15, characterized in that 2t/r is above 1, and even above 1.1 and even of at least 1.2, t representing the number of moles of C in the bath, C comprises La, particularly with C at over 80% in moles La, and X comprises Br particularly with X at over 80% in moles Br, and 2s/r is above 1.05, or even at least 1.1.

Embodiment 21

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that it is a monocrystalline growth process.

Embodiment 22

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that the first two-thirds in volume of growth of the monocrystalline material comprise less than 10% in volume of phase different to that of the elpasolite.

Embodiment 23

The process in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that the crystallization is of Czochralski type in that the first two-thirds in volume of growth of the monocrystalline material do not contain any phase different to that of the elpasolite.

Embodiment 24

The process in one of the preceding embodiments, characterized in that the crystalline material is made from incongruent fusion.

Embodiment 25

A crystalline scintillator material doped with an element that activates its scintillation, of structure of elpasolite type of theoretical composition A₂BC_((1-y))M_(y)X_((6-y)) and of real formula A_(a)B_(b)C_(c)M_(m)X_(x) wherein:

A is chosen from among Cs, Rb, K, Na,

B is chosen from among Li, K, Na,

C is chosen from among the rare earths, Al, Ga,

M is chosen from among the alkaline earths,

X is chosen from among F, Cl, Br, I,

y representing the atomic fraction of substitution of C by M and being in the range extending from 0 to 0.05, a, b, c, m, and x representing the respective atomic fractions of A, B, C, M, and X, the 2b/a ratio being in the range extending from 0.97 to 1.4.

Embodiment 26

The material in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C contains at least one activating rare earth chosen from among Ce, Pr, Eu, Tb, and Nd, the atomic fraction of which is such that the ratio of its atomic fraction to the sum of the atomic fractions of elements C and M is above 0.00001 and below or equal to 0.1.

Embodiment 27

The material in one of the preceding material embodiments, characterized in that B comprises Li.

Embodiment 28

The material in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that A comprises Cs.

Embodiment 29

The material in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C comprises La and X comprises Br.

Embodiment 30

The material in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C is at over 80% in moles lanthanum and X is at over 80% in moles bromine.

Embodiment 31

The material in embodiment 27 or 28, characterized in that C comprises Y and X comprises Cl.

Embodiment 32

The material in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that C is at over 80% in moles Y and in that X is at over 80% in moles Cl.

Embodiment 33

The material in one of the preceding material embodiments, characterized in that X comprises Cl, Br or I.

Embodiment 34

The material in one of embodiments 25 to 28, characterized in that C comprises a rare earth chosen from among the Lanthanides from La to Lu, or Y.

Embodiment 35

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is Cl.

Embodiment 36

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is Br.

Embodiment 37

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is Cl.

Embodiment 38

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is a mixture of Cs and Rb, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is Br.

Embodiment 39

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La and Ce, and X is a mixture of Cl and Br.

Embodiment 40

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is a mixture of Cl and Br.

Embodiment 41

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of La, Y and Ce, and X is Cl.

Embodiment 42

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is a mixture of Cs and Na, B is a mixture of Li and Na, C is a mixture of Y and Ce and X is Cl.

Embodiment 43

The material in one of embodiments 25 and 26, characterized in that A is Cs, B is Li, C is a mixture of Y and Ce, and X is F.

Embodiment 44

The material in one of embodiments 29, 30 or 39, characterized in that the 2b/a ratio is in the range extending from 1.1 to 1.4.

Embodiment 45

The material in one of embodiments 25 to 44, characterized in that the crystalline material is made from incongruent fusion.

Embodiment 46

The material in one of the preceding material embodiments, characterized in that its scintillation energy resolution is below 6%, or even below 5%, measured with a source of ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays of 662 keV.

Embodiment 47

An ingot of monocrystalline growth comprising a material of one of the preceding material embodiments, characterized in that the first two-thirds in volume of growth comprise less than 10% in volume of phase different to that of the elpasolite material.

Embodiment 48

The ingot in the preceding embodiment, characterized in that the first two-thirds in volume of growth of the monocrystalline material do not contain any phase different to that of the elpasolite material.

EXAMPLES

Powder mixtures are produced of raw materials of the type of halides of the cations to be inserted into the elpasolite.

Single crystals are produced by crystallization from melt baths, the compositions of which are listed in table 1. The examples are according to this disclosure or are comparative and include in the latter case the annotation “comp”. The composition of the bath can be expressed globally or by presenting it in the form of the sum of a stoichiometric elpasolite and the component or components put in excess, comprising B. In this table, BG means that a growth of Bridgman type has been used and CZ means that a growth of Czochralski type has been used. In the case of example 8, the sodium being able to go to the sites of the Cs or of the Li, it was noticed a posteriori that in the final crystal the proportion of Na on the Li sites was of 89% and the proportion of Na on the Cs sites was of 11%. This is why, for 2 moles of Cs introduced into the bath, the quantity of A in the bath is of 2 (for the Cs)+0.074 (for 11% of 0.67 moles of Na) or 2.074 moles. The quantity of B in the bath is of 1 (for the Li)+0.596 (for 89% of 0.67 moles of Na) or 1.596 moles. The 2s/r ratio is therefore here of (2×1.596)/2.074=1.54.

In the case of a growth of the CZ type, not all the bath used is transformed into ingot material, in a manner inherent to this technique. On the contrary, in Bridgman crystallization, all the bath used has solidified into the ingot. In the last column of table 1, the percentage of really usable single crystal in the first two-thirds of growth of the solidified ingot is given. In CZ growth it is therefore not a question of a percentage of the material used in the bath. On the other hand, in Bridgman growth, it is also a question of a percentage of the material used in the bath. Examples 20, 21, 22, 24 show that, in the case of CLLB, a high 2s/r ratio in the bath leads to a 2b/a distinctly above 1 in the elpasolite.

TABLE 1 % vol 2b/a usable Type of 2s/r 2t/r Final first ⅔ Ex no growth Melt bath composition bath bath Crystal composition obtained crystal of ingot  1 BG Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) 1 1 Cs_(2.035)Li_(0.982)Y_(0.982)Cl_(5.966): Ce_(0.001) 0.965 84 (comp)  2 BG Cs₂Li₁Y₁Cl₆ 1 1 Cs_(2.046)Li_(0.9702)Y_(0.982)Cl_(5.964) 0.95 82 (comp)  3 CZ Cs₂Li₁Y₁Cl₆ 1 1 — 0 (comp)  4 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.67)Y_(0.955)Cl_(6.67): Ce_(0.005) 1.67 1 Cs_(1.997)Li_(0.998)Y_(1.004)Cl_(6.01): Ce_(0.001) 0.999 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) + 0.67 LiCl  5 BG Cs₂Li_(1.249)Y_(1.078)Cl_(6.489): Ce_(0.005) 1.25 1.083 Cs_(2.015)Li_(0.996)Y_(0.988)Cl_(5.978): Ce_(0.001) 0.989 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) + 0.083 Li₃YCl₆  6 BG Cs₂Li_(1.56)Y_(0.995)La_(0.1)Ce_(0.005) 1.56 1.1 Cs_(2.006)Li_(0.995)La_(0.008)Y_(0.989)Cl_(5.995): 0.992 100 Cl_(6.86) or Ce_(0.002) Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) + 0.56 LiCl + 0.1 LaCl₃  7 BG Cs₂Li_(1.66)Y_(0.995)Cl_(6.66): Ce_(0.005) 1.66 1 Cs_(2.005)Li_(0.995)Y_(0.999)Cl_(5.74): Ce_(0.001) 0.993 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) + 0.66 LiCl  8 BG Cs₂Li₁ Na_(0.67) Y_(0.995) 1.67 1 Cs_(1.91)Li_(0.467)Na_(0.599)Y_(1.022)Cl_(6.048): Ce_(0.02) 1.012 100 Ce_(0.005) Cl_(6.67) or or (Cs_(1.91)Na_(0.066))(Li_(0.467)Na_(0.533)) Cs₂Li₁ Ce_(0.005) Y_(0.995)Cl₆ + (Y_(1.022)Ce_(0.002))Cl_(6.048) 0.67 NaCl  9 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.67)Y_(0.995)Ca_(0.003)Ce_(0.005)Cl_(6.676) 1.67 1 Cs_(2.018)Li_(1.006)Ca_(0.001)Y_(0.974)Cl_(5.951): 0.997 100 or Ce_(0.001) Cs₂LiY_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)Cl₆ + 0.67 LiCl + 0.003 CaCl₂ 10 BG Cs₂Li_(1.67)Y_(0.995)Sr_(0.003)Ce_(0.005)Cl_(6.676) 1.67 1 Cs_(2.005)Li_(1.071)Sr_(0.001)Y_(0.921)Cl_(5.847): Ce_(0.002) 1.068 100 or Cs₂LiY_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)Cl₆ + 0.67 LiCl + 0.003 SrCl₂ 11 CZ Cs₂LiLa_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆ 1 1 — 0 (comp) 12 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.8)La_(0.99)Ce_(0.01)Br_(6.8) 1.8 1 Cs_(2.009)Li_(1.01)La_(0.98)Br_(5.97): Ce_(0.001) 1.005 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.99)Ce_(0.01)Br₆ + 0.8 LiBr 13 BG Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)Br₆ 1 1 Cs_(2.025)Li_(0.978)Y_(0.995)Br_(5.994): Ce_(0.002) 0.966 100 (comp) 14 BG Cs₂Li_(1.1)Y_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)Br₆ 1.1 1 Cs_(2.001)Li_(1.006)Y_(0.991)Br₆: Ce_(0.002) 1.005 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)Br₆ + 0.1 LiBr 15 BG Rb₂LiY_(0.99)Ce_(0.01)Br₆ 1 1 Rb_(2.027)Li_(0.976)Y_(0.996)Br_(5.994): Ce_(0.001) 0.963 76 (comp) 16 BG Rb₂Li_(1.7)Y_(0.99)Ce_(0.01)Br_(6.7) 1.7 1 Rb_(2.005)Li_(1.005)Y_(0.989)Br_(5.98): Ce_(0.001) 1.002 92 or Rb₂LiY_(0.99)Ce_(0.01)Br₆ + 0.7 LiBr 17 BG Cs₂Li_(1.60)Y_(0.9965)F_(6.6): Ce_(0.0035) 1.6 1 Cs_(1.994)Li_(0.997)Y_(1.007)F_(6.018): Ce_(0.002) 1.017 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.9965) F₆: Ce_(0.0035) + 0.6 LiF 18 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.6)La_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆Cl_(0.6) 1.6 1 Cs_(1.961)Li_(1.051)La_(0.987)Br_(5.976)Cl_(0.051): Ce_(0.001) 1.072 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆ + 0.6 LiCl 19 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.6)Y_(1.195)Cl_(7.2): Ce_(0.005) 1.6 1.2 Cs₂Li_(1.001)Y_(0.998)Cl_(5.998): Ce_(0.001) 1.001 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.995)Cl₆: Ce_(0.005) + 0.2 Li₃YCl₆ 20 BG Cs₂Li_(1.36)La_(1.118)Ce_(0.002)Br_(6.72) 1.36 1.12 Cs_(1.884)Li_(1.113)La_(0.972)Ce_(0.031)Br_(6.006) 1.181 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.998)Ce_(0.002)Br₆ + 0.12 Li₃LaBr₆ 21 BG Cs₂Li_(1.5)La_(1.13)Ce_(0.02)Br_(6.9)I_(0.05) 1.5 1.15 Cs_(1.842)Li_(1.133)La_(0.996)Ce_(0.029)Br_(5.53)I_(0.52) 1.23 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆ + 0.15 Li₃LaBr₆ + 0.05 LiI 22 BG Cs₂Li_(1.5)La_(1.13)Ce_(0.02)Br_(6.95) 1.5 1.15 Cs_(1.842)Li_(1.124)La_(1.004)Ce_(0.03)Br_(6.068) 1.22 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆ + 0.15 Li₃LaBr₆ + 0.05 LiBr 24 BG Cs₂Li_(1.5)La_(1.08)Ce_(0.02)Br_(6.8) 1.5 1.1 Cs_(1.861)Li_(1.132)La_(0.976)Ce_(0.031)Br_(6.014) 1.22 100 or Cs₂Li₁La_(0.98)Ce_(0.02)Br₆ + 0.1 Li₃LaBr₆ + 0.2 LiBr 25 BG Cs₂Li_(1.55)Y_(1.098)Ce_(0.002)Cl_(6.85) 1.55 1.1 CS_(1.991)Li_(1.047)Y_(0.930)Ce_(0.032) Cl_(5.924) 1.05 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.998)Ce_(0.002)Cl₆ + 0.1 Li₃Ycl₆ + 0.25 LiCl 26 BG Cs₂Li_(1.453)Y_(1.148)Ce_(0.002)Sr_(0.003)Cl_(6.906) 1.45 1.15 Cs_(1.98)Li_(1.026) 1.04 100 or Sr_(0.001)Y_(0.992)Ce_(0.001)Cl_(5.988) Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.998)Ce_(0.002)Cl₆ + 0.15 Li₃Ycl₆ + 0.003 SrCl₂ 27 BG Cs₂Li_(1.45)Y_(1.148)Ce_(0.002)Cl_(6.9) 1.45 1.15 Cs_(1.944)Li_(1.054)Y_(1.001)Ce_(0.001)Cl_(6.004) 1.08 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.998)Ce_(0.002)Cl₆ + 0.15 Li₃YCl₆ 28 CZ Cs₂Li_(1.3)Y_(1.098)Ce_(0.002)Cl_(6.6) 1.3 1.1 Cs_(2.041)Li₁Y_(0.958)Ce_(0.001)Cl_(5.918) 0.98 100 or Cs₂Li₁Y_(0.0998)Ce_(0.002)Cl₆ + 0.1 Li₃YCl₆

Table 2 gives the scintillation properties of certain crystals already described in table 1. It indicates the relative light output (column LO for “light output”) measured with a gamma excitation of 662 keV, and the energy resolution (full width at half-maximum of the scintillation peak). The scintillation measurements were performed with a source of gamma rays of ¹³⁷Cs type, a photomultiplier and a standard measurement subsystem. The values obtained can be compared with each other because they are determined with a determined sample geometry and with the same measuring instruments. The lower the value of the energy resolution, the better it is. The light output is preferably as high as possible. For crystals of CLYC type, the light output has been expressed relative to that of example 1 (LO evaluated at 1 arbitrarily). For crystals of CLLB type, the light output has been expressed relative to that of example 11 (LO evaluated at 1 arbitrarily).

TABLE 2 Relative LO Energy resolution CLYC ex 1 1 6.19% (reference) CLYC ex 4 1.15 4.61% CLYC ex 5 1.28 5.15% CLYC ex 7 1.20 4.67% CLLB ex 11 1 8.73% (reference) CLLB ex 12 1.20 4.14%

FIGS. 1a ) and 1 c) represent phials after crystalline growth of Bridgman type according to the examples. Examples 1, 2 and 15 resulted in an ingot of the type of that in FIG. 1a ). Examples 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14 and 17 resulted in an ingot of the type of that in FIG. 1c ). For these examples 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17 the first two-thirds in volume of the monocrystalline material growth comprise less than 10% in volume of any phase different to that of the elpasolite. In these specific cases, the volume of impure phase is at 0%.

In the case of examples 15 and 16, it is shown that the first two-thirds in volume of any phase different to the elpasolite phase can be lowered from 24% to 8% using the invention. Example 16 therefore results in an ingot of the type in FIG. 1b ) or the first two-thirds in volume of monocrystalline material growth comprise less than 10% in volume of any phase different to that of the elpasolite but more than 0%.

FIGS. 2a ) et 2 c) represent ingots after crystalline growth of the Czochralski type according to the examples. Examples 3 and 11 resulted in an ingot of the type of that in FIG. 2a ). Examples 4, 9, 12, 18 and 19 resulted in an ingot of the type of that in FIG. 2c ). For these examples 4, 9 and 12, 18, and 19 the 100% in volume of growth of the monocrystalline material do not contain any phase different to that of the elpasolite.

It can indeed be seen that the examples according to this disclosure using an excess of B (or 2s/r>1) give rise to far fewer inclusions and therefore to a better single crystal fabrication yield. They also give rise to better scintillation performance.

In the case of examples 5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, the 2t/r in the bath was above 1 and the 2s/r in the bath was above 1.08. In these cases, a corresponding growth was observed, according to its type, in FIG. 1c or 2 c, the perfect crystal yield being increased. In the case of a Bridgman growth, it is the shaded part of FIG. 1c that was reduced. In the case of a Czochralski growth, it is the quantity of material remaining in the bath that was reduced. In the case of examples 7 and 27 the percentage of the mass of the unwanted phase at the end of the growth was measured (shaded part of FIG. 1c ) out of the total mass of material introduced into the Bridgman phial. It was observed that this percentage is distinctly lower in the case of example 27 (10%) with respect to that of example 7 (17.9%). The material yield is much higher in the case of example 27 compared to example 7.

Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.

The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A detector, comprising a scintillator including a crystalline scintillator material, wherein the crystalline scintillator material includes A_(a)B_(b)C_(c)M_(m)X_(x), wherein: A comprises Cs, Rb, K, Na, or a combination thereof; B comprises Li, K, or Na, A being different from B; C comprises at least one activating element and at least one other element selected from the group consisting of a rare earth element, Al, and Ga; M comprises an alkaline earth element; and X comprises a halogen, a, b, c, m, and x represent respective atomic fractions of A, B, C, M, and X, and a sum of a, b, c, and m is 4, 1.7≤a≤2.3; 0.8≤b≤1.2; 0.85≤c≤1.1; 0≤m≤0.05; 5.05≤x≤6.9; a 2b/a ratio is in a range from 0.97 to 1.4; and a ratio of an atomic fraction of the at least one activating element to a sum of the atomic fractions of C and M is above 0.00001 and below or equal to 0.1.
 2. The detector of claim 1, wherein the activating element comprises a rare earth element.
 3. The detector of claim 1, wherein the activating element comprises at least one element of Ce, Pr, Eu, Tb and Nd.
 4. The detector of claim 1, wherein the activating element comprises Ce, Pr, or a combination thereof.
 5. The detector of claim 1, wherein m>0, and wherein M comprises Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof.
 6. The detector of claim 1, wherein A comprises Cs.
 7. The detector of claim 1, wherein B comprises Li, X comprises Cl, Br, I, or a combination thereof, and C comprises the at least one activating element and the at least one other element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y.
 8. The detector of claim 1, wherein A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, C comprises the at least one activating element and the at least one other element including La, and X comprises Br.
 9. The detector of claim 1, wherein A comprises Cs, B comprises Li, and C comprises the at least one activating element and the at least one other element including Y.
 10. The detector of claim 9, wherein X comprises Cl.
 11. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes Y and Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Cl.
 12. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes La, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Br.
 13. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes Y, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes F.
 14. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes La, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Cl.
 15. The detector of claim 1, wherein A include Cs and Rb, B includes Li, C includes La, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Br.
 16. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes La, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Cl and Br.
 17. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes Y, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Cl and Br.
 18. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs, B includes Li, C includes La, Y, Ce, or any combination thereof, and X includes Cl.
 19. The detector of claim 1, wherein A includes Cs and Na, B includes Li and Na, C includes Y, Ce, or a combination thereof, and X includes Cl.
 20. The detector of claim 1, further comprising a photomultiplier tube, a photodiode, a silicon photomultiplier, or an avalanche photodiode.
 21. The detector of claim 1, wherein the crystalline scintillator material has a scintillation energy resolution below 6%, measured with a source of ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays of 662 keV. 